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Economic historians use the term merchant capitalism to refer to the earliest phase in the development of capitalism as an economic and social system. Early forms of merchant capitalism developed in the medieval Islamic world from the 9th century, and in medieval Europe from the 12th century.〔Jairus Banaji (2007), "Islam, the Mediterranean and the rise of capitalism", ''Journal Historical Materialism'' 15 (1), p. 47-74, Brill Publishers.〕〔Maya Shatzmiller (1994), ''Labor in the Medieval Islamic World'', p. 402-403, Brill Publishers, ISBN 90-04-09896-8.〕〔Subhi Y. Labib (1969), "Capitalism in Medieval Islam", ''The Journal of Economic History'' 29 (1), p. 79-96.〕 In Europe, merchant capitalism became a significant economic force in the 16th century, depending on point of view. The mercantile era drew to a close around 1800, giving way to industrial capitalism. However, merchant capitalism remained entrenched in some parts of the West well into the 19th century, most notably the Southern United States, where the plantation system constrained the development of industrial capitalism (limiting markets for consumer goods) whose political manifestations prevented Northern legislators from passing broad economic packages (e.g. monetary and banking reform, a transcontinental railroad, and incentives for settlement of the American west) to integrate the states' economies and spur the growth of industrial capitalism.〔Headlee, S. E. 1991. The political economy of the family farm: The agrarian roots of American capitalism. Praeger series in political economy. New York: Praeger.〕 Merchant capitalism is distinguished from capitalism by the lack of industrialization and of commercial finance. Merchant houses were backed by relatively small private financiers acting as intermediaries between simple commodity producers and by exchanging debt with each other. Thus, merchant capitalism ''preceded'' the capitalist mode of production as a form of capital accumulation. A process of primitive accumulation of capital, upon which commercial finance operations could be based and making application of mass wage labor and industrialization possible, was the necessary precondition for the transformation of merchant capitalism into industrial capitalism. == See also == *Feudalism *Late Capitalism *Mercantilism (the more common term for what this article refers to, as a historical period) *Merchant 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「merchant capitalism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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